During the last years, and in a context of an increasing number of social protestation movements, Egypt has witnessed one of the largest social movements since 1975: The “Mahala EL Kobra” labor’s movement. Since the great strike of December 2006, a "spillover effect" occurred with an increase of the workers' strikes in Egypt. However, the 6th of April 2008 strike, had witnessed a transposition of the "Mahala" workers strike into the national level. The political opposition has based on this strike to declare a general strike in whole Egypt, a strike that never happened unless virtually. The workers' strike, for it, was aborted. Paradoxically, a huge popular uprising, the largest since 1975 has ignited.

In this context, our objective is to present the dynamics of the day April 6 in order to demonstrate: 1 - The limits of the political opposition. 2 – The obstacles that prevent the “Mahala” labor movement from being transformed into a political reality.

Interview realised by Chiara Sulmoni

On 2nd March, 2009 the Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya initially signed by PM Berlusconi and Col. Gheddafi on August 30th, 2008 was finally enforced. In June, the Libyan leader was invited for his first official state visit to Italy.

1. The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation is supposed to usher in a new era in bilateral relations. How significant is it for Italy and Libya respectively?

A. The Treaty paves the way for increasing and strengthening co-operation between the two countries, which never ended even at the height of major political tensions or during the period in which Libya was subjected to UN sanctions due to suspicions that it was supporting international terrorism. The Treaty should boost economic and trade relations between the two nations.

"Switzerland excels in mediation, but it has hardly ever been directly involved in a crisis with another state," said Hasni Abidi, director of the Study and Research Center for the Arab and Mediterranean World in Geneva. "The Gaddafi case has presented challenges."

So, looking back, what lessons can be drawn?

The government has locked horns with Geneva's cantonal authorities over who should be responsible for handling the case. The crisis that began on July 15, 2008, has not only tested the Swiss government's ability to resolve matters with dialogue but also the country's federalist system itself, Abidi says.

Increasingly Islam struggles against negative stereotypes as a religion of intolerance, extremism and fear, which has failed to meet the challenges of modernity. Zidane Meriboute here proposes a fresh perspective on the crisis facing Muslims today. His novel and original approach looks to the Islamic Sufi tradition and the progressive liberal though of the 12th century philosophers Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Ibn Sina (Avicenna) as holding the key to a successful transition towards modernity. The humanity and questioning which both Sufism and this progressive thought engender can produce – according to the author – the foundations of a new Muslim worldview contrary to the current and dangerous fundamentalisms. Salafi thinkers and others who claim to be returning to an austere and ascetic interpretation of early Islam have, in Meriboute’s view, highjacked their faith and produced two negative outcomes. Firstly, they have blocked the path towards the evolution of any kind of modernist thinking among Muslims. And secondly, they have created a rhetoric and encouraged events (most notoriously, 9/11) which have resulted in the demonization of their tradition. As the Muslim and non-Muslim worlds grapple to understand how Islam is likely to evolve in the 21st century, the appearance of this book, with its emphasis on the religion’s progressive traditions, marks a vital contribution to a better understanding of one of today’s most intractable problems.

The election - the first since 2005 - will measure the popularity of Iraq's main coalitions and set the tone for parliamentary elections in late 2009 as US forces stand poised to withdraw from the country.

Holding the ballot is seen as an important sign that Iraq has emerged from the worst of the violence that engulfed it after the invasion in 2003 and worsened after the last election in 2005.

"The big hope is that these elections will contribute to settling political differences by democratic means instead of violence as was unfortunately the case after the elections in 2005," Swiss ambassador to Iraq, Martin Aeschbacher, told swissinfo.

"They should allow political imbalances to be corrected which resulted from the provincial and national elections in 2005, which were partially boycotted by important segments of the population, mainly Sunni Arabs and followers of Moqtada al-Sadr."

There is no shortage of enthusiasm for democracy almost six years after the US-led invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Some 14,400 candidates, including nearly 4,000 women, are competing for 444 seats on ruling councils in 14 of the country's 18 provinces.

The central authorities in Baghdad still control the nation's overall policies, but the councils have wide powers such as cutting commercial deals and setting spending priorities.

Iraq is starting to see the light at the end of the tunnel, said Hasni Abidi, the director of the Study and Research Centre for the Arab and Mediterranean World in Geneva.

"There is a return to political normality among the candidates and voters," he said. "It's the first time since the fall of Saddam Hussein that Iraqis will be able to vote for candidates whose faces are not hidden."

"The US occupation is no longer an issue; voters are interested in everyday concerns – unemployment, healthcare, etc."

Redraw the landscape
The provincial poll will set the political climate for a national election due later this year, in which Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki will fight to keep his mandate.

Al-Maliki, who claims credit countrywide for better security but has little clout in the provinces, is aiming to win a share of regional power from larger rival Shi'ite parties.

Elsewhere, Sunni Arabs who boycotted the last provincial polls are seeking a bigger share of local power.

Maliki's Shi'ite rivals, the Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council, control nearly all southern provinces and could tighten their grip. Another potent Shi'ite group, followers of anti-American cleric Moqtada al-Sadr, is on the back foot after Maliki's troops and US air power defeated their militia last year.

In the volatile north, US officials hope the vote can ease violence by bringing once-hostile Sunni Arabs into politics.

"Overall, we will see a confirmation of the traditional parties and new alliances, especially with the Sunnis," said Abidi.

Test of stability
The provincial election is an important test of Iraq's stability. Serious violence would cast doubt over Iraq's future and could influence US President Barack Obama's decision on how fast to remove the 142,000 American troops.

In his presidential campaign Obama pledged to withdraw troops by May 2010. But any serious attacks could raise worries in Washington about the timetable and the capabilities of Iraqi forces to handle major security operations on their own.

Despite daily attacks, the election campaign so far has not seen the surge in violence feared by US and Iraqi commanders.

"Security has improved considerably," said Abidi. "The US and Iraqi authorities have changed their strategy and it has paid off. There will be tensions and pockets of violence, but the election is taking place in a different atmosphere."

Remaining challenges
Many Iraqis talk of change, and hope the election will reform regional governments that spend billions of dollars of state funds but are widely seen as corrupt, unaccountable and beholden to the interests of feuding sectarian groups.

The most recent US Pentagon report to Congress, issued in December, summarized the growing frustrations of many Iraqis and the sketchy progress by US and Iraqi reconstruction teams: shortages of clean water, electricity cuts, overtaxed sewage systems.

"The lack of essential services has now replaced security as the most important concern in the minds of most Iraqis," the report said.

The list of remaining challenges is long, said the Swiss ambassador.

"This includes reviewing the constitution, enacting a hydrocarbons law, reaching compromises over the so called 'disputed' territories - in particular Kirkuk - disbanding militias and creating truly non-sectarian security forces, fighting corruption and bureaucracy, defining the degree of decentralisation, federalism... without forgetting the huge social and economic problems," said Aeschbacher.

It may be at least a month before the poll outcome is clear. Preliminary counts will not be available for days and the final tally for weeks. Then it could take weeks more for councils to meet, form coalitions and pick new governors.

Simon Bradley
swissinfo